A Chemiresistor Sensor Based on Azo-Polymer and Graphene for Real-Time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption

In the present study, a chemiresistor sensor based on a poly(Bismarck Brown Y)-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite was developed to analyze the respiratory capacity of the constituent complexes of the electron transport chain. The sensorial platform was characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and oxygen detection was accomplished by measuring the resistive properties of the sensor at fixed AC frequency. The impedance decreased significantly in response to small variations of the O2 concentrations tested up to saturation of the electrolyte solution with molecular oxygen. The resistive response of the sensor at 0.1 Hz was linear over the oxygen concentration range from 1.17 × 10–5 mol L–1 to 1.02 × 10–3 mol L–1, with a detection limit of 3.60 × 10–7 mol L–1. Using the new O2 sensing platform, we monitored gradients in static cultures of adherent cells exposed to graded oxygen both at rest and upon metabolic stimulation. Under high dissolved oxygen conditions, the respiration of resting cells dictated that local O2 was moderately reduced, while cell metabolic stimulation triggered a major redistribution of O2. The usefulness of the developed sensor was demonstrated by continuous monitoring of mitochondrial oxygen consumption in various biologic applications.