Tailorable hierarchical structures of biomimetic hydroxyapatite micro/nano particles promoting endocytosis and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells

-mediated signaling cascades (Ras/cAMP/Rap1/MAPK signaling pathways) related to osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Our findings shed light on the effects of different hierarchical structures of HA particles on stem cell differentiation and contribute to the optimal design of implant materials.