Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatobiliary diseases since 1970. The reported complication rate after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography varies between 5% and 10%. Precise identification of risk factors for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography complications is important for improving the safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Herein, we aimed to summarize the complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in light of the current literature.