A comprehensive review on the design, development, and high-tech applications of functional dyes

Functional dyes play a pivotal role in various industries, spanning from textiles to electronics, due to their unique properties and diverse applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the design, development, and cutting-edge applications of functional dyes. The exploration begins with an examination of the fundamental principles governing dye design, including molecular structure, color chemistry, and synthesis techniques. Subsequently, the focus shifts towards the development of novel functional dyes, encompassing advances in organic, inorganic, and hybrid dye materials. Emphasis is placed on the exploration of sustainable and environmentally friendly dye synthesis methods, aiming to minimize ecological impact while maintaining optimal performance. The review further delves into the diverse applications of functional dyes in high-tech industries. It explores their utilization in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs), photovoltaic devices, biomedical imaging, and sensing technologies. Additionally, their incorporation in smart textiles, wearable electronics, and display technologies is highlighted, elucidating their role in fostering innovation and technological advancement. Moreover, this review underscores the challenges and prospects associated with functional dye research and applications. It discusses the hurdles in achieving commercial scalability, durability, and stability of functional dyes, while also presenting potential avenues for future research and development. In summary, this review consolidates the current state of knowledge in the field of functional dyes, offering valuable insights for researchers, technologists, and industries aiming to harness the potential of these versatile materials in various high-tech applications.