熵产生
统计物理学
非平衡态热力学
消散
布朗运动
物理
熵(时间箭头)
闪烁
量子力学
计算机科学
操作系统
作者
I. Di Terlizzi,M. Gironella,Diego Herráez-Aguilar,Timo Betz,Francisco Monroy,Marco Baiesi,Fèlix Ritort
出处
期刊:Science
[American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)]
日期:2024-03-01
卷期号:383 (6686): 971-976
被引量:3
标识
DOI:10.1126/science.adh1823
摘要
Entropy production is the hallmark of nonequilibrium physics, quantifying irreversibility, dissipation, and the efficiency of energy transduction processes. Despite many efforts, its measurement at the nanoscale remains challenging. We introduce a variance sum rule (VSR) for displacement and force variances that permits us to measure the entropy production rate σ in nonequilibrium steady states. We first illustrate it for directly measurable forces, such as an active Brownian particle in an optical trap. We then apply the VSR to flickering experiments in human red blood cells. We find that σ is spatially heterogeneous with a finite correlation length, and its average value agrees with calorimetry measurements. The VSR paves the way to derive σ using force spectroscopy and time-resolved imaging in living and active matter.
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