Fraction unbound (fu) is a critical parameter that needs to be measured accurately because it has significant impacts on the predictions of drug-drug interactions, estimations of therapeutic indices, and developments of PK/PD relationships. Moreover, Plasma Protein Binding (PPB) is critical when translating concentrations in in-vitro models to in-vivo doses in laboratory animals or humans. Plasma protein binding or the drug fraction unbound in plasma (fu,p) is known to be affected by protein, drug, free fatty acid concentrations, lipoprotein partitioning, temperature, pH, and the presence or absence of other.