The use of advanced imaging in guiding the further investigation and treatment of primary prostate cancer

Abstract In the era of precision medicine, oncological imaging techniques are advancing at a rapid pace, particularly molecular imaging with promising new targets for prostate cancer (PC) such as gastrin releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) along the established and indispensable prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). As PC is characterized by heterogenous tumor biology ranging from indolent to aggressive disease, distinguishing clinically significant tumors from indolent disease is critical. Multiparametric MRI- and PET-targeted prostate biopsies mitigate the shortcomings and risks of standard systematic template biopsy by identifying more significant cancers. Focal treatment for localized disease is a minimally invasive approach that targets the index tumor – the lesion of the highest grade – while sparing the surrounding healthy tissue. Real-time MRI-guidance and thermal control with MR-thermometry, improves treatment accuracy and results in lower rates of functional side effects. PET imaging could be an useful tool to assess response to treatment compared to invasive prostate biopsies. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the image-guided detection and treatment of localized primary prostate cancer, its current status and future perspectives.