Use of GRF‐GIF chimeras and a ternary vector system to improve maize (Zea mays L.) transformation frequency

SUMMARY Maize ( Zea mays L.) is an important crop that has been widely studied for its agronomic and industrial applications and is one of the main classical model organisms for genetic research. Agrobacterium ‐mediated transformation of immature maize embryos is a commonly used method to introduce transgenes, but a low transformation frequency remains a bottleneck for many gene‐editing applications. Previous approaches to enhance transformation included the improvement of tissue culture media and the use of morphogenic regulators such as BABY BOOM and WUSCHEL2 . Here, we show that the frequency can be increased using a pVS1‐VIR2 virulence helper plasmid to improve T‐DNA delivery, and/or expressing a fusion protein between a GROWTH‐REGULATING FACTOR ( GRF ) and GRF‐INTERACTING FACTOR ( GIF ) protein to improve regeneration. Using hygromycin as a selection agent to avoid escapes, the transformation frequency in the maize inbred line B104 significantly improved from 2.3 to 8.1% when using the pVS1‐VIR2 helper vector with no effect on event quality regarding T‐DNA copy number. Combined with a novel fusion protein between ZmGRF1 and ZmGIF1, transformation frequencies further improved another 3.5‐ to 6.5‐fold with no obvious impact on plant growth, while simultaneously allowing efficient CRISPR‐/Cas9‐mediated gene editing. Our results demonstrate how a GRF‐GIF chimera in conjunction with a ternary vector system has the potential to further improve the efficiency of gene‐editing applications and molecular biology studies in maize.