A novel nomogram for predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients following immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment beyond progression: a single center study based on Chinese population

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) persists as a dominant cause of cancer-related mortality globally, with a notably rapid escalation in mortality rates. The advent of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has ushered in a new era in the management of liver cancer, albeit with unresolved challenges in the context of treatment beyond progression (TBP) and stratified prognosis in diverse populations. This study aimed to develop and validate a novel nomogram model to identify factors that predict the benefit of continued immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients following disease progression in clinical practice.