Long-term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors is Associated With An Increased Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Backgrounds: The adverse effects of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have led to growing concern. The association between PPIs use and the risks of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains controversial. Goal: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between PPIs use and the risks of NAFLD among the general adult population in the United States. Study: We performed a cross-sectional study by extracting data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2017 to 2018. The association between PPIs use and NAFLD risks was analyzed by weighted multivariate logistic regression. Results: Among the 4238 participants included in this study, 2167 were diagnosed with NAFLD. In the multivariate logistic regression model, PPIs use was associated with increased risks of NAFLD [odds ratio (OR): 1.318, 95% CI: 1.044-1.663; P =0.020]. This association was nonsignificant in participants taking PPIs for ˂5 years (OR: 0.846, 95% CI: 0.579-1.238; P =0.390), whereas it remained significant in participants taking PPIs for more than 5 years (OR: 2.016, 95% CI: 1.366-2.975; P =0.031). Further analysis showed that the use of PPIs was positively associated with risks of severe hepatic steatosis (OR: 1.451, 95% CI: 1.034-2.036; P =0.031) but not with mild-to-moderate steatosis (OR: 1.242, 95% CI: 0.886-1.741; P =0.208). Conclusions: This study indicated that taking PPIs was associated with increased risks of NAFLD, especially severe hepatic steatosis. Awareness should be raised regarding the potential risks of NAFLD when prescribing PPIs.