Living and Injectable Porous Hydrogel Microspheres Promoting Inflammation Modulation and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration

, GMPB (+BMSCs) microspheres effectively preserved disc height, maintained matrix hydration (high T2-weighted MRI signal), and reduced histological degeneration, as indicated by lower Pfirrmann grades and improved extracellular matrix integrity. Collectively, these results highlight GMPB (+BMSCs) microspheres as a promising and versatile platform that synergistically integrates biomimetic support, redox modulation, and efficient cell delivery to establish a regenerative microenvironment for intervertebral disc repair and broader tissue engineering applications.