Cationic Microgel-Enhanced Paper Microfluidic Device for Rapid and Sensitive On-Site Detection of Waterborne Pathogens

spp., achieved within 1 h 15 min total assay time. Shelf life studies show that analytical performance is retained at ∼50% of the initial signal for at least 8 days at -20 °C and 4 days at 4 °C, underscoring the platform's suitability for field deployment. Overall, this origami-style microdevice integrates high analytical sensitivity with true sample-to-answer simplicity, providing a promising platform for rapid point-of-care detection of waterborne pathogens in resource-limited settings.