Metal-organic frameworks for fast electrochemical energy storage: Mechanisms and opportunities

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have the potential to rival or even surpass traditional energy storage materials. However, realizing the full potential of MOFs for energy storage with competitive performance at industrially relevant scales requires a unified approach from electrochemists and synthetic and material chemists. This review aims to bridge the knowledge gap between electrochemists and scientists working in the field of MOFs. We introduce the basic concepts of energy storage devices, including charge storage mechanisms, and highlight the interconnected nature of the material, electrode, and cell parameters that can significantly affect the metrics of energy storage devices. The design principles of MOFs are then discussed in relation to the parameters that must be considered for their use in fast electrochemical energy storage devices. Finally, we discuss the characterization techniques necessary to unveil the charge storage mechanism in MOF-containing energy storage devices, as this understanding is critical to drive their rational design.