A Critical Review on the Structure and Recovery Technologies of End-of-Life Wind Turbine Blades

Wind power technology, as a crucial form of wind energy application, is one of the most mature generation methods in the global renewable energy sector. With the rapid growth of wind power, early generation wind turbines are approaching their decommissioning peak, resulting in a large volume of end-of-life wind turbine blades (EWTBs). The recycling and resource utilization of EWTBs represent a new and significant research area that could help achieve a sustainable future while reducing waste. This work focuses on efficient recycling and resource utilization of EWTBs, particularly concerning organic resins and inorganic fibers. Traditional disposal methods, such as landfilling and incineration, result in severe resource waste and environmental pollution. Therefore, the development of clean and efficient recycling solutions is imperative. To provide a comprehensive understanding of current recycling practices, this paper reviews the composition, properties, and utilization technologies of EWTBs. It systematically introduces various recycling techniques, including physical, electric-driven, thermal, and chemical recycling methods. The progress of different technologies is analyzed, with thermal conversion recycling emerging as the most promising due to its rapid conversion rate and wide feedstock applicability. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the applications of thermal-chemical recycling products. It emphasizes that future recycling methods should focus on low-temperature processing and multienergy coupling concepts. The policy adjustments will significantly impact the applicability and economic feasibility of EWTBs recycling technologies. Sustainable utilization of EWTBs necessitates collaboration among government agencies, manufacturers, and technical departments, representing a trend toward large-scale recycling of EWTBs and ensuring the efficient, environmental, and green circular development of the wind power generation industry.