Pulmonary Epithelium Cell Fate Determination: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Lung Cancer, or Both

The concurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer has been widely reported and extensively addressed by pulmonologists and oncologists. However, most studies have focused on shared risk factors, DNA damage pathways, immune microenvironments, inflammation, and imbalanced proteases/antiproteases. In the present review, we explore the association between COPD and lung cancer in terms of airway pluripotent cell fate determination and discuss the various cell types and signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of lung epithelium homeostasis and their involvement in the pathogenesis of co-occurring COPD and lung cancer.