The performance and functionalization of modified cementitious materials via nano titanium-dioxide: A review

The unique physical and chemical characteristics of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, such as the small size effect and photocatalytic activity, make them popular materials for science and engineering. Numerous studies showed that both the properties and the functionality of cementitious materials can be enhanced by adding titanium dioxide nanoparticles, which makes this topic a popular field of study. This paper reviews the influence of nano-titanium dioxide on both the hydration process of cementitious materials as well as the hydration products. It also covers the mechanisms that govern the microstructural changes following the addition of nano-titanium dioxide. Moreover, an overview of the effect of nano-titanium dioxide on the mechanical properties, durability, and functional properties of cementitious materials is given. Finally, the remaining challenges and anticipated future developments are summarized for nano-titanium dioxide used in cementitious materials in general. This compact review aims to serve as a practical summary/guide for researchers and engineers working with cementitious materials.