Chip fabrication from electrochemical perspective: challenges and opportunities

The semiconductor industry is playing a very crucial role in the technological advancement in the field of electrochemical device fabrication, yet it faces significant challenges in terms of environmental sustainability. Thus, this chapter is an effort to bring forward the intricate processes involved in semiconductor chip fabrication by detailing processes like lithography, etching, and doping, and describes the development of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and energy-efficient Network-on-Chips (NoCs), along with the history of chip fabrication from early developments (∼1950s) to systems on chip (present). Finally, the main objective of this work is to explore integrating electrochemical devices with semiconductor chips, such as lab-on-chip systems for medical diagnostics, microfluidic devices for energy harvesting, and electrochemical energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors. By exploring innovative approaches for miniaturizing energy storage devices to integrate with microelectronic systems seamlessly. Hence this opens new avenues for exploring the potential of integrating electrochemical devices with semiconductor chips for real-life applications. this work also tries to provide the basic knowledge to budding researchers and policymakers to understand the basics of semiconductor chips and their integration with electrochemical devices.