Development and Characterisation of Sustainable Prepregs with Improved Fire Behaviour Based on Furan Resin and Basalt Fibre Reinforcement

In recent years, the need to minimise environmental impact has led to the exploration of sustainable materials, avoiding those derived from petroleum, considering that these materials should proceed from nature and be harmless and durable. Therefore, throughout this work, the following raw materials were used: furan resin, which comes from agricultural by-products, and basalt fibre, obtained by melting basaltic volcanic rock. Specifically, this work studies the development of a flame-retarded furan prepreg manufactured by means of a continuous process combining a double-belt lamination equipment with an impregnation system. Once the prepregs (flame- and non-flame-retarded) were obtained, they were subjected to various tests to analyse their fire behaviour, with both showing an adequate performance. However, comparing both, concerning the toxicity index (CITG), the flame-retarded prepreg generated fewer toxic gases during combustion than the non-flame-retarded one, although the latter showed a lower smoke density. In short, the developed flame-retarded material falls into the R1HL3 (Requirement 1 and Hazard Level 3) classification demanded by products with large areas in railway vehicle interiors, which is the maximum safety level according to the risk index established in applicable regulations. Therefore, this material could be used in any railway vehicle for indoor applications.