Cross-talk between salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent induced defenses in Arabidopsis

Plants possess inducible defense mechanisms to effectively combat \ninvasion by microbial pathogens or attack by herbivorous insects. Research \non defense signaling pathways revealed that induced defenses against \npathogens and herbivores are regulated by a network of interconnecting \nsignaling pathways in which the plant signal molecules salicylic acid (SA), \njasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) play a dominant role. In many cases, attack by pathogens or \nherbivores is associated with enhanced production of these hormones and a \nconcomitant activation of distinct sets of defense-related genes. Moreover, exogenous \napplication of SA, JA or ET often results in an enhanced level of resistance.