Advances in conductive filler-integrated hydrogels and derived aerogels: innovative strategies for electromagnetic interference shielding

As wireless communication networks move into higher frequency bands and electronic devices evolve towards higher integration and wearability, the resulting electromagnetic interference (EMI) and pollution have become increasingly severe. Consequently, the development of advanced EMI shielding materials capable of ultra-broadband compatibility, multifunctional and wearability has emerged as an essential and urgent task. Conductive filler-integrated hydrogels (CFHs) demonstrate remarkable application prospects as an innovative multifunctional EMI shielding material, due to their tunable electrical conductivity, excellent flexibility, self-healing ability, and environmental and biological friendliness. This review commences by delving into the EMI shielding mechanisms of CFHs, exploring the crucial factors that affect their shielding performance, including water molecules, porous structures, and the type of conductive fillers. Subsequently, the fabrication methods and comprehensive performances of CFHs incorporating various conductive fillers, as well as different aerogels derived from CFHs, are systematically summarized. Finally, the potential challenges hindering the practical application of CFHs and their derived aerogels are discussed, and perspectives on how to overcome these challenges in future research are provided, thereby offering insightful guidance for the design of novel CFHs and aerogels for efficient and multifunctional EMI shielding.