Gfa1 (glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase) is essential for Aspergillus fumigatus growth and virulence

Abstract Background Aspergillus fumigatus , the primary etiological agent of invasive aspergillosis, causes over 1.8 million deaths annually. Targeting cell wall biosynthetic pathways offers a promising antifungal strategy. Gfa1, a rate-limiting enzyme in UDP-GlcNAc synthesis, plays a pivotal role in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Results Deletion of gfa1 (Δ gfa1 ) results in auxotrophy for glucosamine (GlcN) or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Under full recovery (FR) conditions, where minimal medium is supplemented with 5 mM GlcN as the sole carbon source, the Δ gfa1 mutant shows growth comparable to the wild-type (WT). However, when supplemented with 5 mM GlcN and 55 mM glucose, growth is partially repressed, likely due to carbon catabolite repression, a condition termed partial repression (PR). Under PR conditions, Δ gfa1 exhibits compromised growth, reduced conidiation, defective germination, impaired cell wall integrity, and increased sensitivity to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and high temperatures. Additionally, Δ gfa1 demonstrates disruptions in protein homeostasis and iron metabolism. Transcriptomic analysis of the mutant under PR conditions reveals significant alterations in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, unfolded protein response (UPR) processes, and iron assimilation. Importantly, Gfa1 is essential for A. fumigatus virulence, as demonstrated in Caenorhabditis elegans and Galleria mellonella infection models. Conclusions These findings underscore the critical role of Gfa1 in fungal pathogenicity and suggest its potential as a therapeutic target for combating A. fumigatus infections.