Microneedle-integrated distance-based paper device for simultaneous transdermal detection of cortisol and dopamine

for dopamine, along with excellent selectivity for both analytes. It also exhibited high accuracy and precision, with recovery rates of 98.5-100.7% for cortisol and 98.8-102.2% for dopamine. These results show that the developed sensor device is user-friendly, simplifies the analysis process, reduces costs, and eliminates the need for complex instrumentation, making it a promising tool for point-of-care (POC) testing for stress and its relative disorders, with potential applications in diagnosing other biomarkers.