Efficacy of intraoperative thoracoscopic intercostal nerve blocks in nonintubated and intubated video-assisted thoracic surgery: A randomized study

The surgeon-performed intraoperative multilevel TINBs allow reduced anesthetic and analgesic requirement for VATS. With lower requirement of remifentanil infusion, NIVATS presents a significantly higher risk of hypotension after TINBs. DSA is beneficial for providing real-time data that facilitate the preemptive management, especially for NIVATS.