A three-dimensional micropillar electrode array-based microfluidic sensor for sensitive and stable voltammetric detection of phosphate

. In the consistency and stability tests, the sensor showed a low relative standard deviation (RSD = 1.3%) and only a 7% drop in response current over 30 days, demonstrating its long-term stability. In the ion interference test, common water ions had little effect on the sensor's detection performance, demonstrating good resistance to interference. The sensor can be applied to the real-time detection of phosphate in groundwater.