Detection of diabetic retinopathy and related retinal disorders using fundus images based on deep learning and image processing techniques: A comprehensive review

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder disease in which a person's body fails to adhere insulin produced by their pancreas or unable to segregate enough insulin due to harmonic imbalance. Diabetic people are suffering from eye disorders like diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma and various diseases such as neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy over long intervals. One of the most prevalent diabetic consequence is DR. Detecting the morphological variations in retina is difficult and requires an effective automated detection system. DR can be predicted in earlier stage using tremendous development of deep learning models and image processing techniques. Recently, many research articles have been published in DR diagnosis system. This article shows a comprehensive review of automated diagnostic methods for DR detection and other related eye disorders from several points: Causes for DR, publicly available datasets, image preprocessing, segmentation of various DR lesions, feature optimization, various deep learning models, and open research challenges. The study offers a thorough overview of DR detection techniques, which delivers valuable information for researchers, medical professionals, and DR affected patients.