Ru–Au nanocluster-functionalized carbon fiber microelectrode enables ultrasensitive multiplexed monitoring of acetaminophen and its genotoxic interplay with DNA

hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking, providing mechanistic insights into its hepatotoxicity at high concentrations. The proposed sensor not only offers a robust platform for multiplexed drug monitoring but also advances understanding of ACOP-induced DNA damage, highlighting its potential in pharmacokinetic studies and toxicity assessment. This work underscores the significance of nanomaterial-enhanced electrochemical sensors for pharmaceutical quality control and toxicity assessment.