Association between weight-adjusted-waist index and long-term prognostic outcomes in cardiovascular disease patients: results from the NHANES 1999–2018 study

As cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality increase yearly, this study aimed to explore the potential of the weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) and its relation to long-term mortality in patients with CVD. The diagnosis of CVD was based on standardized medical condition questionnaires that incorporated participants' self-reported physician diagnoses. WWI (cm/√kg) is a continuous variable and calculated as waist circumference (WC, cm) divided by square root of body weight (kg). For analysis purposes, the participants were divided into four groups based on the quartiles (Q1 - Q4) of the WWI. The study's primary outcome was all-cause mortality in patients with CVD, with cardiovascular mortality as the secondary outcome, and sample weights and complex survey designs were used to ensure reliable, accurate results. The final analysis included 4,445 study participants. In the fully adjusted model, the highest quartile (WWI > 12.05 cm/√ kg) showed a higher all-cause mortality rate compared with the lowest quartile (WWI < 11.03 cm/√ kg) (HR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.82, P < 0.05). The risk of all-cause mortality increased with WWI and showed a linear association in patients with congestive heart failure, heart attack (P-overall < 0.05, P - nonlinear > 0.05); WWI was nonlinearly associated with the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with coronary heart disease and angina (P-overall < 0.05, P - nonlinear < 0.05). Survival curve analysis further showed that all cause and cardiovascular mortality were higher in the high WWI group (Q4) (P < 0.001). The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that WWI's area under the curves (AUC) for 5- and 10-year survival rates were 0.76 and 0.792 for all-cause mortality and 0.734 and 0.757 for CVD mortality. WWI's AUC were higher than those of body mass index (BMI) and WC (all P < 0.01). Our findings indicate that a high WWI is positively associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Additionally, the high AUC values for WWI strengthen its potential as a meaningful prognostic marker, underscoring its utility in clinical practice for assessing long-term survival risk in patients with CVD.