Ethylene and jasmonate signaling converge on gibberellin catabolism during thigmomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis

Touch induces marked morphological changes in plants, including reduced rosette diameters and delayed flowering, a process called thigmomorphogenesis. Previous studies have revealed that thigmomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) results from touch-induced accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE7 (GA2ox7) transcripts, which encode a gibberellin (GA) catabolism enzyme, leading to reduced levels of active GAs. However, the mechanisms underlying thigmomorphogenesis remain uncharacterized. Here we showed that touch induces ethylene (ET) production in Arabidopsis. After touch treatment, ET biosynthesis and signaling mutants exhibited even greater thigmomorphogenic changes and more decreased GA4 contents than did wild-type plants. Biochemical analysis indicated that the transcription factor ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) of the ET pathway binds to the promoter of GA2ox8 (encoding another GA 2-oxidase performing the same GA modification as GA2ox7) and represses GA2ox8 transcription. Moreover, MYC2, the master regulator of JA signaling, directly promoted GA2ox7 expression by binding the MYC2 promoter. Further genetic analysis suggested that the ET and JA pathways independently control the expression of GA2ox8 and GA2ox7, respectively. This study reveals that the ET pathway is a novel repressor of touch-induced thigmomorphogenesis and highlights that the ET and JA pathway converge on GA catabolism but play opposite roles to fine-tune GA4 content during thigmomorphogenesis.