Efficient integration of carbon dioxide reduction and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation at high current density

Combining cathodic CO 2 RR on Sn (green), Cu (blue), and Ag (grey) on carbon paper, or Cu (purple), and Ag (brown) on PTFE with anodic HMFOR on NiP in a flow cell at 100 mA cm −2 improves energy efficiencies while reducing the levelized cost of HCOOK production compared to the conventional OER system.