Recent advances in dynamic reconstruction of electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction

Electrocatalysts undergo structural evolution under operating electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) conditions. This dynamic reconstruction correlates with variations in CO 2 RR activity, selectivity, and stability, posing challenges in catalyst design for electrochemical CO 2 RR. Despite increased research on the reconstruction behavior of CO 2 RR electrocatalysts, a comprehensive understanding of their dynamic structural evolution under reaction conditions is lacking. This review summarizes recent developments in the dynamic reconstruction of catalysts during the CO 2 RR process, covering fundamental principles, modulation strategies, and in situ /operando characterizations. It aims to enhance understanding of electrocatalyst dynamic reconstruction, offering guidelines for the rational design of CO 2 RR electrocatalysts.