10-kHz High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation Significantly Reduces Proinflammatory Cytokines and Distinct Populations of T Lymphocytes in Patients With Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome Type 2

These changes suggest that PSPS-T2 is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by cytotoxic and exhausted immune cell populations. The resolution of this inflammation by distinct immune cell populations induced by SCS may contribute to pain relief, and specific populations, such as T_H17 and NKT cells, may represent useful biomarkers of treatment effectiveness.