Redefining insomnia: from neural dysregulation to personalized therapeutics

The field requires a decisive shift from symptom-based classification toward precision neuroscience. Integrating circuit-level dysfunction, stress responsivity, and genetic architecture with advanced EEG, neuroimaging, and machine learning will enable biologically grounded subtyping. Such an approach is essential to deliver personalized interventions, identify novel therapeutic targets, and ultimately redefine care in insomnia disorder.