Mycobacterium tuberculosis glycolipoprotein LprG inhibits inflammation through NF‐κB signaling of ERK1/2 and JNK in LPS‐induced murine macrophage cells

Abstract Mycobacterium tuberoculosis (Mtb) is a contagious pathogen that causes human tuberculosis (TB). TB is a major global health threat that causes 9.6 million illnesses and 1.5 million deaths per year. Recent studies have suggested Mtb‐secreted proteins as new candidates for therapeutic drugs and vaccines. LprG is a Mtb‐secreted surface glycolipoprotein encoded by lprG ( Rv1411c ), which forms an operon with Rv1410c , where Rv1410c encodes P55, an efflux pump membrane protein. Various in vitro and in vivo studies have reported on the target‐binding activity, cell envelope biosynthesis, and mycobacterial virulence of LprG. However, the anti‐inflammatory effect of LprG in macrophages has not yet been investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that LprG can suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation in a macrophage model. LprG inhibited LPS‐stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production. LprG also suppressed expression of inducible cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at the transcriptional and protein levels. In addition, LprG decreased mRNA expression of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). Furthermore, LprG attenuated nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) translocation and IκB phosphorylation. Moreover, LprG specifically inhibited phosphorylated kinases such as c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (p‐JNK) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (p‐ERK1/2), but not p‐p38. Taken together, these results suggest that LprG inhibits LPS‐stimulated inflammation via downregulation of NO, COX‐2, iNOS, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines through the NF‐κB, AP‐1, and MAPK signaling pathways. The present study will aid in the development of anti‐inflammatory medications using Mtb. The organism, which has long been regarded as a human pathogenic or human health‐threating agent, can be utilized as a future medical resource.