Fabrication of Tissue Constructs and Organoids Using Electrospun Micro/Nanofibers

Recent progress in the fabrication of tissue constructs and organoids has substantially broadened the horizon of regenerative medicine. Electrospun fibers offer a class of simple and versatile platforms for fabricating these constructs, as they can substitute the fibrous component of the extracellular matrix and recapitulate the hierarchical architecture of a native tissue or organ. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in electrospinning for the rational fabrication of micro/nanofibrous constructs, as well as an exploration of their transformative potential in regenerative medicine. We begin with a brief introduction to the capabilities of electrospinning and then discuss recent innovations, with a focus on the diversity of electrospinning techniques as well as the resultant structural variations ranging from individual fibers to three-dimensional architecture of fiber assemblies. We further highlight the recent advances in applying electrospun fibers and their constructs to biomedical engineering, including their capacities in developing tissue constructs and organoids, as well as their promise for the repair or regeneration of hard, soft, and interface tissues. Finally, we provide some outlooks, with a focus on the enduring challenges and potential solutions.