A single-element heterovalent doping strategy stabilizing the cathode structure for reversible zinc-ion storage to power soft robotics

This work stabilizes the structure and enhances the capacity of δ-MnO 2 cathodes through heterovalent Ce doping. The resulting Ce-MnO 2 achieves a high specific capacity of 374.5 mAh g −1 and excellent cycling stability over 1000 cycles, demonstrating its potential for driving soft actuator technologies.