Identification and functional analysis of spermatogenesis‐associated gene modules in azoospermia by weighted gene coexpression network analysis

Abstract Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) or testicular failure is the most severe form of male infertility. A variety of conditions, both acquired and congenital, can cause azoospermia. However, in a large number of azoospermia patients who are classified as idiopathic cases, the etiology remains poorly understand mainly due to the lack of knowledge of all the genetic causes and molecular mechanisms responsible for spermatogenesis failure. Identification of the key gene modules and pathways‐related spermatogenesis failure might help to reveal the mechanisms of idiopathic azoospermia. Therefore, the expression patterns of spermatogenesis‐associated genes in NOA were analyzed by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) based on two public microarray data sets (GSE45885 and GSE45887), which included 51 samples and 32,321 genes. We identified a module (turquoise) that was significantly related to the Johnsen score of the testicular samples. In addition, the results of function and pathway enrichment analyses based on the online bioinformatics database Metascape revealed that genes in the turquoise module were mainly related to the process of spermatogenesis and spermatid development. To further identify spermatogenesis‐associated genes, a microarray data set (GSE926) of murine testis at different developmental time points was analyzed by WGCNA. The blue module in GSE926 was significantly related to the time of murine testis development. The overlap study and k‐core analysis based on protein–protein interaction network revealed that spermatogenesis‐ and spermatid development–associated genes, including glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 2, transition protein 1, testis‐specific serine kinase 2, transition protein 2, and germ cell‐associated 1 (GSG1), were further identified in the selected modules. The expression profile of GSG1 in human testis was chosen for further study using immunochemistry staining. Taken together, these screened gene modules and pathways provided a more detailed genetic and molecular mechanism underlying spermatogenesis failure occurrence and holds promise as potential diagnosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets.