Biomarkers in Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex, multisystem chronic autoimmune disease. Because of its diverse phenotypes, diagnosis of SLE can be challenging, and current biomarkers are insufficient. Childhood-onset SLE (cSLE), although less prevalent, has higher morbidity and mortality, and early diagnosis is critical for improving outcomes. Many studies have focused on discovering new biomarkers to better diagnose and monitor SLE and cSLE. Herein, the authors aim to review the most investigated biomarkers in development for cSLE, focusing on those that can be measured in the blood or urine.