A PD-L1-targeted and lactate-responsive DNA hydrogel enabling Mito-US therapy: dual functions for postsurgical cancer detection and eradication

generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppresses aerobic glycolysis, thereby inducing tumor cell apoptosis and immunogenic cell death, which was evidenced by the upregulation of calreticulin (CRT), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). This process promotes dendritic cell maturation and T-cell activation, thus establishing long-term immune memory that effectively eliminates residual tumor cells and inhibits metastasis.