Low-temperature sprayed carbon electrode in modular HTL-free perovskite solar cells: a comparative study on the choice of carbon sources

Among the three carbon sources (MWCNT, CNC, and graphene), MWCNT was identified as the best candidate for application as the back electrode in HTL-free C-PSCs. Ultimately, an improved PCE of 11.2% was achieved for modular MWCNT-based PSCs.