Strategies for Improving Learner Metacognitive in the English language teaching

Metacognition is "cognition about cognition", "thinking about thinking", "knowing about knowing", becoming "aware of one's awareness" and higher-order thinking skills. The term comes from the root word meta, meaning "beyond", or "on top of". Metacognition can take many forms; it includes knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or problem-solving.Metacognition is a concept of cognitive psychology that “focuses on the active participation of the individual in his or her thinking process” (Stewart & Landine, 1995, p. 17). A wide range of definitions and interpretations of the term metacognition have been accumulated (Manning & Payne, 1996) since it was first used by Flavell. Flavell’s expanded description (1979, p. 906) included knowledge of strategy, task, and one’s own cognition.