Teacher–student relationships and academic adaptation in college freshmen: Disentangling the between‐person and within‐person effects

Abstract Introduction Adolescents face increased academic demands and lower structure as they move from high school to college. Good relationships with teachers are considered a crucial factor linked with adaptive academic behavior. However, few longitudinal studies have investigated the association between teacher–student relationships and academic adaptation over time in the higher education context , especially focusing on freshmen and separating the between‐person and within‐person effects. This study aimed to fill the said gaps based on the developmental‐contextual perspective of psychosocial adjustment. Methods Participants were 1578 Chinese freshmen who just transitioned from high school to college ( M age = 18.72 years, SD = 0.92). Data were collected at the 2nd (T1), 4th (T2), and 8th (T3) months upon college entry. Both cross‐lagged panel model (CLPM) and random intercept, CLPM (RI‐CLPM) were used to examine the focal association. Results Findings of CLPM revealed bidirectional associations between teacher–student relationships and academic adaptation over time. Findings from RI‐CLPM suggested that at the between‐person level , teacher–student relationships were significantly related to academic adaptation, echoing the results of CLPM. At the within‐person level , however, the findings revealed a unidirectional effect, such that the within‐person changes in teacher–student relationships at T2 predicted corresponding changes in academic adaptation at T3. Findings of CLPM and RI‐CLPM were robust after controlling for T1 covariates. Conclusion The association between teacher–student relationships and academic adaptation is due mainly to the stable, trait‐like difference between individuals and due partly to state‐like variations within individuals. Enhancing teacher–student relationships appears a promising avenue to facilitate academic adaptation among college freshmen.