Photothermal catalysis: From fundamentals to practical applications

Photothermal catalysis is an innovative approach that integrates photochemical and thermocatalytic processes to enable an efficient use of full-spectrum sunlight in catalyzing various chemical reactions for energy conversion and environmental governance. This approach has demonstrated competitive performance and energy efficiency compared to conventional techniques, making it suitable for large-scale applications. In this review, we will comprehensively examine the fundamentals and classification of photothermal catalysis and discuss detailed design principles of various types of photothermal catalysts, focusing on enhancing solar light absorption, improving internal electric field for more energetic hot carriers (EHC) and localized thermal energy (LTE), interfacial engineering for robust and directed EHC transferring, and regulating EHC and LTE for continuous 24/7 operation. We will also report photothermal catalysis in a diverse range of chemical reactions. Moreover, we will introduce the latest technologies for synthesizing robust photothermal catalysts and advanced solar concentrators for pilot testing in the production of solar fuels at scale. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges of the promising but fledging field will be discussed, which is expected to transform conventional chemical industries into a clean and sustainable manner.