The number and position of unsaturated bonds in aliphatic aldehydes affect the cysteine-glucose Maillard reaction: Formation mechanism and comparison of volatile compounds

Nonanal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal were used to reveal the effect of the number and position of unsaturated bond in aliphatic aldehydes on Maillard reaction for the generation of 88 stewed meat-like volatile compounds. The results showed that (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal exhibited greater inhibition of the cysteine reaction with glucose than nonanal and (E)-2-nonenal. However, the positions of the unsaturated bonds in aliphatic aldehydes in the Maillard reaction stage were similar. A carbohydrate module labeling approach was used to present the formation pathways of 34 volatile compounds derived from the Maillard reaction with aliphatic aldehyde systems. The number and position of unsaturated bonds in aliphatic aldehydes generate multiple pathways of flavor compound formation. 2-Propylfuran and (E)-2-(2-pentenyl)furan resulted from aliphatic aldehydes. 5-Butyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone and 2-methylthiophene were produced from the Maillard reaction. 2-Furanmethanol, 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde, and 5-methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde were derived from the interaction of aliphatic aldehydes and the Maillard reaction. In Particular, the addition of aliphatic aldehydes changed the formation pathway of 2-propylthiophene, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, and 2,5-thiophenedicarboxaldehyde. Heatmap and PLS-DA analysis could discriminate volatile compound compositions of the five systems and screen the marker compounds differentiating volatile compounds.