Magnetic robotization in clinic medicine: A review

Magnetic soft robots are emerging as a promising technology in biomedical applications, offering precise, minimally invasive solutions for clinical procedures. Magnetic soft robots, often constructed by using magnetic particles embedded in flexible polymers, exhibit enhanced deformability and maneuverability, particularly at micro and nanoscale levels. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the design, fabrication, and medical applications of these robots, focusing on the synthesis of magnetic materials, structural configurations, and actuation mechanisms. Structural designs are summarized, from simple one-dimensional forms to complex, multi-dimensional structures inspired by origami and kirigami principles. Additionally, magnetic actuation systems, including permanent magnets and electromagnetic coils, are examined for their respective roles in achieving the required precision or field strength for medical use. The potential applications in medicine are vast, ranging from targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive surgeries to disease diagnosis and treatment, with specific examples in tumor targeting, Alzheimer's therapy, and endodontics. The paper also addresses emerging applications in assisted reproduction and microbiota regulation. Despite challenges related to power supply, real-time tracking, and material safety, the review highlights the significant potential of magnetic soft robots to revolutionize healthcare practices.