Fetal Anemia: A Narrative Review of Current Clinical Approaches

Fetal anemia encompasses a wide range of etiologies, most notably red cell alloimmunization, and poses serious risks to fetal and neonatal health if unrecognized. This narrative review outlines the pathophysiology, screening strategies, and evolving diagnostic tools such as noninvasive genotyping and MCA Doppler. We examine immunomodulatory therapies like IVIg and nipocalimab, and discuss technical considerations for intrauterine transfusions. Finally, we address neonatal management and long-term outcomes. With increasing access to prenatal diagnostics and targeted interventions, timely recognition and treatment of fetal anemia can significantly improve perinatal survival and reduce complications.