Challenges and future perspectives in postharvest cold storage: technological review on sustainable and efficient cold storage of fresh produce

Postharvest cold storage plays a crucial role in maintaining the quality and extending the shelf life of fresh produce, reducing food waste, and supporting a sustainable food supply chain. However, challenges such as non-uniform cooling, energy-intensive refrigeration, and environmental concerns require continuous innovation. Improper cold storage control can lead to uneven ripening and spoilage, highlighting the need for advanced monitoring and control systems. Recent innovations, including smart monitoring systems, Internet of Things (IoT) applications, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven predictive maintenance, and digital twin technology, offer potential solutions. Integrating renewable energy sources and sustainable refrigerants can further enhance environmental sustainability. This review explores key postharvest cold storage technologies, their impact on produce quality, and strategies for improving energy efficiency and sustainability. Future research should focus on optimizing energy-efficient designs and expanding the adoption of intelligent monitoring systems to ensure both economic and environmental benefits.