Dlx5andDlx6Regulate the Development of Parvalbumin-Expressing Cortical Interneurons

Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes are expressed in developing and mature cortical interneurons. Simultaneous deletion of Dlx5 and 6 results in exencephaly of the anterior brain; despite this defect, prenatal basal ganglia differentiation appeared largely intact, while tangential migration of Lhx6 + and Mafb + interneurons to the cortex was reduced and disordered. The migration deficits were associated with reduced CXCR4 expression. Transplantation of mutant immature interneurons into a wild-type brain demonstrated that loss of either Dlx5 or Dlx5&6 preferentially reduced the number of mature parvalbumin + interneurons; those parvalbumin + interneurons that were present had increased dendritic branching. Dlx5 /6 +/− mice, which appear normal histologically, show spontaneous electrographic seizures and reduced power of gamma oscillations. Thus, Dlx5&6 appeared to be required for development and function of somal innervating (parvalbumin + ) neocortical interneurons. This contrasts with Dlx1 , whose function is required for dendrite innervating (calretinin + , somatostatin + , and neuropeptide Y + ) interneurons (Cobos et al., 2005).