Harnessing the Janus-faced nature of polyoxometalates to regulate cellular redox homeostasis

Cellular redox homeostasis, maintained by a precise balance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and elimination, is crucial for normal growth and physiological function. The disruption of this equilibrium causes significant damage to biomolecules and is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Polyoxometalates possess a Janus-faced nature due to their excellent multi-electron transfer capability, which allows them to mimic enzymes and regulate intracellular redox homeostasis. This review summarizes recent advances in the regulation of redox homeostasis by POM-based materials. The systematic description of enzymatic activities by POM-based materials is covered. A detailed elucidation of the Janus-faced properties of POM-based materials is provided, along with an elaborate discussion of their interactions with key redox substances in distinct pathological microenvironments. Insight into the current challenges and the future directions for POM-based agents is discussed.