Efficient Electrochemical Tap Water Softening via Lorentz-Driven Bidirectional Mass Transfer

. This value surpasses previously reported values for electrochemical tap water softening. Furthermore, the strategy mitigated cathode scaling from 65.0% to 29.3% while cutting electricity demand by 35.0% for the same removal duty. Overall, Lorentz-driven bidirectional mass transfer offers an efficient, economically viable, and sustainable route to long-term electrochemical tap water softening.