Spherical lignin nanostructures synthesis, functionalization, and removal of cationic dyes

In this review, we discuss recent advancements in lignin-based spherical nanocomposites. Targeted studies are focused on the overall design and structure, functionalization, the mechanism of functionalization, and the target points and functional groups on the lignin NPs surface. Nanostructures come in various shapes, such as spheres, cylinders, nanostars, and nanorods. A variety of nanomaterials have distinctive characteristics and must be investigated differently. This part focuses on the nanospheres applications in lignin-based nanocomposites. Also, we summarized the emerging applications in removing toxic cationic dyes, which help in environmental monitoring and protection. At the end of the review, we analyzed and discussed the possible developments and challenges of lignin-based spherical nanocomposites and summarized the impact on industrial production and scientific development.